Treatments & Procedures

Browse the treatments and procedures our specialists offer. Tap any card for symptoms, causes, and the care we provide — or filter by the first letter on the right.

Treatments & Procedures starting with "E"

27 results

Electrophysiology procedures help identify and treat irregular heartbeats using specialised minimally invasive techniques.

Symptoms

  • Palpitations
  • Dizziness
  • Fainting
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Tiredness

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Heart disease
  • High blood pressure
  • Congenital heart conditions
  • Stress and caffeine
  • Electrolyte imbalance

Treatment

  • Catheter ablation
  • Pacemaker implantation
  • ICD implantation
  • Medication management
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Emotional and behavioural evaluation helps identify concerns related to mood, emotions, behaviour, and social functioning. It provides a clearer understanding of an individual's strengths and difficulties and helps guide appropriate psychological support, therapy, or other interventions.

Common Concerns

  • Frequent emotional outbursts or mood changes
  • Anxiety, excessive worry, or persistent fears
  • Withdrawal or difficulties with social interaction
  • Aggressive or disruptive behaviour
  • Difficulty managing emotions
  • Emotional or behavioural concerns affecting daily life

Assessment & Support

  • Detailed clinical and developmental history
  • Emotional and behavioural assessment
  • Standardised questionnaires and rating scales
  • Behavioural observation, when appropriate
  • Input from parents, caregivers, or teachers, when relevant
  • Individualised recommendations and follow-up
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Emotional regulation therapy helps individuals recognise emotional triggers, understand patterns of emotional responses, and develop healthier ways to cope with difficult feelings. Therapy aims to improve emotional awareness, self-control, and everyday functioning.

Common Concerns

  • Difficulty managing intense emotions
  • Frequent anger or emotional outbursts
  • Rapid or overwhelming emotional reactions
  • Difficulty calming down after distress
  • Impulsive responses during emotional situations
  • Emotional difficulties affecting relationships or daily life

Assessment & Support

  • Identification of emotional triggers
  • Emotional awareness and regulation skills
  • Mindfulness and coping techniques
  • Strategies for managing distress
  • Development of healthier response patterns
  • Individualised therapy and follow-up
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Emotional resilience training focuses on developing practical skills for managing stress and responding effectively to challenging situations. It can help individuals improve emotional awareness, strengthen coping abilities, and develop healthier responses to change and adversity.

Common Concerns

  • Difficulty coping with stress
  • Feeling overwhelmed by challenges
  • Difficulty adapting to change
  • Reduced confidence after setbacks
  • Emotional difficulties during demanding situations
  • Need to strengthen coping abilities

Assessment & Support

  • Emotional awareness and regulation skills
  • Stress management strategies
  • Problem-solving techniques
  • Development of healthy coping patterns
  • Strength-based goal setting
  • Strategies for adapting to challenges
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Exam anxiety management focuses on understanding thoughts, emotions, and physical responses associated with examination stress. Students can learn practical strategies to manage anxiety, improve concentration, and approach examinations with greater confidence.

Common Concerns

  • Excessive worry before examinations
  • Difficulty concentrating while studying
  • Fear of failure or poor performance
  • Feeling mentally blank during examinations
  • Sleep difficulties before exams
  • Physical symptoms of anxiety during exam periods

Assessment & Support

  • Identification of anxiety triggers
  • Relaxation and breathing techniques
  • Strategies for managing anxious thoughts
  • Study planning and time-management skills
  • Coping techniques for examination situations
  • Individualised psychological support
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Variceal band ligation helps prevent or control bleeding from oesophageal varices, a serious complication of portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis.

Symptoms

  • Vomiting blood
  • Black stools
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Signs of liver disease

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Portal hypertension
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Alcohol-related liver damage
  • Viral hepatitis

Treatment

  • Endoscopic band ligation
  • Medication to reduce portal pressure
  • Emergency bleeding management
  • Ongoing liver disease treatment
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ERCP combines endoscopy and imaging to identify and treat bile duct blockages, stones, strictures, and other hepatobiliary conditions.

Symptoms

  • Yellowing of the skin and eyes
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fever and chills
  • Dark-coloured urine
  • Nausea and vomiting

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Gallstones
  • Bile duct obstruction
  • Pancreatic disorders
  • Liver disease
  • Bile duct strictures

Treatment

  • ERCP procedure
  • Bile duct stone removal
  • Stent placement
  • Biliary drainage procedures
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Elbow replacement surgery helps relieve severe elbow pain and stiffness caused by arthritis, fractures, or joint damage.

Symptoms

  • Elbow pain
  • Joint stiffness
  • Swelling around the elbow
  • Weak grip strength
  • Difficulty bending or straightening the arm

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Severe elbow fractures
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Joint degeneration
  • Previous elbow injury

Treatment

  • Elbow joint replacement surgery
  • Pain management
  • Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
  • Strengthening exercises
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Endoscopic spine surgery allows surgeons to treat spinal conditions through very small incisions, reducing pain, blood loss, and recovery time.

Symptoms

  • Back or neck pain
  • Nerve compression symptoms
  • Sciatica
  • Numbness or weakness
  • Reduced mobility

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Slip disc
  • Spinal stenosis
  • Herniated discs
  • Degenerative spine disease
  • Nerve compression

Treatment

  • Endoscopic decompression surgery
  • Minimally invasive disc removal
  • Nerve pressure relief procedures
  • Rehabilitation and physiotherapy
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External fixation procedures are commonly used for severe fractures, open injuries, or trauma cases requiring temporary or staged stabilisation.

Symptoms

  • Severe fractures
  • Bone instability
  • Open fractures
  • Swelling and soft tissue injury
  • Trauma-related deformity

Causes & Risk Factors

  • High-impact trauma
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Complex fractures
  • Severe soft tissue injury
  • Bone infection risk

Treatment

  • External fixation frame placement
  • Fracture stabilisation procedures
  • Wound and soft tissue management
  • Follow-up reconstructive surgery if required
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Ergonomic and posture management helps reduce strain on the spine, neck, shoulders, and joints caused by poor sitting, working, or movement habits.

Symptoms

  • Neck pain
  • Back pain
  • Shoulder stiffness
  • Headaches
  • Muscle fatigue

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Poor workstation setup
  • Prolonged sitting
  • Incorrect posture
  • Repetitive strain
  • Lack of physical activity

Treatment

  • Posture correction guidance
  • Ergonomic workplace advice
  • Stretching and strengthening exercises
  • Lifestyle and movement modification
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External beam radiotherapy is used to treat a wide range of cancers and helps destroy cancer cells while minimising exposure to healthy tissues.

Symptoms

  • Localised cancer
  • Post-surgical cancer treatment requirements
  • Cancer recurrence
  • Tumour-related pain
  • Metastatic lesions requiring treatment

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Breast cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Prostate cancer
  • Head and neck cancers
  • Gastrointestinal cancers

Treatment

  • Precision external radiation delivery
  • Curative and palliative radiotherapy
  • Image-guided treatment planning
  • Ongoing oncology monitoring
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End-of-life care services provide comprehensive physical, emotional, spiritual, and family support while prioritising patient comfort and personal preferences.

Symptoms

  • Advanced-stage cancer
  • Progressive disease
  • Severe symptom burden
  • Reduced functional status
  • Complex supportive care needs

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Advanced cancer
  • Terminal illness
  • Progressive organ failure
  • Treatment-resistant disease
  • Significant symptom burden

Treatment

  • Symptom and pain management
  • Emotional and spiritual support
  • Family counselling and guidance
  • Hospice and palliative care coordination
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Endoscopic Polypectomy uses specialized wire snares passed through an endoscope to remove polyps from the lining of the colon or stomach, preventing them from developing into cancer over time.

Symptoms

  • Polyps found during a diagnostic colonoscopy
  • Occasional hidden or visible blood in stool
  • Unexplained iron deficiency
  • Altered bowel patterns
  • Often completely asymptomatic

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Genetic changes causing mucosal overgrowth
  • Family history of colorectal polyps
  • Chronic intestinal tract inflammation
  • Age-related mucosal tissue alterations

Treatment

  • Snare resection of mucosal polyps
  • Electrosurgical coagulation to prevent bleeding
  • Complete polyp recovery for pathology analysis
  • Post-polypectomy surveillance mapping
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Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) involves injecting fluid under a lesion to lift it away from deeper muscle layers, allowing large or flat abnormal areas to be safely cut out through the scope in one piece or sections.

Symptoms

  • Large, flat, or complex polyps on imaging
  • Superficial early-stage tumors
  • Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia
  • Local mucosal changes found during routine checks

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Advanced precancerous cell growths
  • Flat adenomas with high malignant potential
  • Chronic tissue damage leading to localized lesions
  • Early, non-invasive gastrointestinal cancers

Treatment

  • Submucosal fluid injection and lifting
  • Specialized snare resection of the lifted tissue
  • Proactive treatment of the wound bed to limit bleeding
  • Histopathological assessment of tissue margins
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Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) is an advanced technique that allows precise dissection of deep, flat lesions from the submucosal layer using micro-knives passed through the scope, lowering the risk of cancer returning compared to other methods.

Symptoms

  • Large, flat, or ulcerated mucosal lesions
  • Early-stage gastrointestinal cancers without spread
  • Tumors that did not lift completely during EMR attempts
  • Symptomatic complex neoplastic areas

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Localized, non-invasive stomach or colon cancer
  • Large flat adenomas with deep tissue involvement
  • Complex precancerous lesions requiring complete removal

Treatment

  • Mucosal marking and submucosal lifting injection
  • Precise dissection using specialized electrosurgical knives
  • En-bloc (single piece) tumor removal
  • Definitive tissue margin evaluation by pathology
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Enteroscopy uses specialized, extended scopes (often with assistive balloons) to travel deep into the small intestine, allowing clinicians to perform biopsies, stop bleeding, or remove polyps in areas that standard endoscopes cannot reach.

Symptoms

  • Active bleeding from an unknown source in the small bowel
  • Abnormal areas found on capsule endoscopy
  • Chronic severe diarrhea with suspected small bowel disease
  • Unexplained nutritional malabsorption

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Deep small intestinal ulcers or bleeding vessels
  • Crohn's disease affecting the middle GI tract
  • Small bowel polyps, strictures, or tumors
  • Complex malabsorption disorders requiring deep biopsies

Treatment

  • Deep small bowel visualization
  • Targeted biopsy collection
  • Hemostatic therapy (cautery/clips) for bleeding
  • Polypectomy or dilation when needed
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Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) uses a specialized scope with an ultrasound transducer at its tip to look through the walls of the GI tract, providing high-resolution images of the pancreas, bile ducts, and chest structures, and enabling precise needle biopsies.

Symptoms

  • Pancreatic masses or suspicious cysts
  • Enlarged lymph nodes near the GI tract
  • Unexplained abnormalities seen on CT or MRI
  • Subepithelial lumps inside the stomach wall
  • Chronic upper abdominal pain of unknown origin

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Pancreatic tumors or chronic inflammatory cysts
  • Biliary tract blockages or hidden micro-stones
  • Staging requirements for esophageal, gastric, or lung cancers
  • Uncharacterized lesions within or near the GI tract walls

Treatment

  • High-resolution internal ultrasound imaging
  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or biopsy (FNB)
  • Staging and depth mapping of tumors
  • Guidance for specialized fluid drainage procedures
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ERCP combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy (real-time X-rays) to view the duct network. It is used to perform interventions like removing bile duct stones, opening strictures, and placing drainage stents.

Symptoms

  • Severe jaundice with dark urine
  • Biliary pain accompanied by fever and chills
  • Acute biliary pancreatitis symptoms
  • Unresolved bile duct obstructions on imaging
  • Persistent leakage of bile after gallbladder surgery

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Bile duct stones blocking bile flow
  • Biliary narrowing due to scarring or tumors
  • Pancreatic head cancers pressing on the bile duct
  • Ductal injuries or strictures after surgery

Treatment

  • Endoscopic sphincterotomy to open the duct
  • Bile duct stone extraction using baskets or balloons
  • Placement of plastic or metal drainage stents
  • Ductal tissue brushing for pathology analysis
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Endoscopic Haemostasis uses specialized tools passed through an endoscope—such as heating probes, metal clips, or injectable medications—to stop bleeding from ulcers, torn tissue, or damaged blood vessels, reducing the need for emergency surgery.

Symptoms

  • Vomiting active bright red blood
  • Passing dark tarry stools with drop in blood pressure
  • Sudden dizziness and fainting from blood loss
  • Acute drop in hemoglobin levels
  • Severe bleeding-related weakness

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Bleeding peptic ulcers or vascular ectasias
  • Mallory-Weiss mucosal tears from retching
  • Ruptured varices or vascular malformations
  • Bleeding following recent endoscopic resections

Treatment

  • Targeted hemoclip placement on bleeding vessels
  • Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) or thermal therapy
  • Injection of epinephrine or sclerosants
  • Application of advanced topical hemostatic powders
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ESWL delivers focused shock waves from outside the body to fragment urinary stones into small pieces that pass naturally in the urine, avoiding incisions or instrumentation.

Symptoms

  • Flank or abdominal pain
  • Blood in the urine
  • Painful urination
  • Recurrent small stones
  • Obstructed urine flow

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Small to moderate kidney or ureteric stones
  • Stones amenable to fragmentation
  • Non-obstructing stones
  • Recurrent stone disease
  • Preference for non-invasive treatment

Treatment

  • Image-guided shock wave targeting
  • Non-invasive stone fragmentation
  • Natural passage of stone fragments
  • Follow-up imaging and hydration
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Enlarged prostate treatment offers a range of medical and surgical solutions tailored to symptom severity, prostate size, and patient preference to restore comfortable urination.

Symptoms

  • Difficulty passing urine
  • Frequent night-time urination
  • Weak urinary stream
  • Incomplete bladder emptying
  • Urinary urgency

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Age-related prostate growth
  • Hormonal changes
  • Family history
  • Metabolic conditions
  • Chronic prostate inflammation

Treatment

  • Medical therapy to shrink or relax the prostate
  • Laser prostate procedures
  • TURP surgery
  • Minimally invasive implants or therapies
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Epilepsy-related psychiatric care focuses on emotional and behavioural difficulties that may occur in people with epilepsy due to seizures, medications, or the psychological impact of the condition.

Symptoms

  • Anxiety or fear of seizures
  • Depression
  • Mood swings
  • Memory or concentration problems
  • Behavioural changes

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Recurrent seizures
  • Anti-seizure medication effects
  • Brain injury or neurological conditions
  • Social stigma
  • Chronic stress

Treatment

  • Psychiatric evaluation
  • Psychological counselling
  • Medication management
  • Coordination with neurology care
  • Coping and lifestyle support
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Endovenous Laser Treatment (EVLT) is an advanced, minimally invasive procedure that uses laser energy to close diseased veins. Blood is naturally redirected to healthy veins, relieving symptoms such as pain, swelling, and heaviness. The procedure is performed under ultrasound guidance and offers faster recovery with minimal discomfort.

Why Is It Performed?

  • Symptomatic varicose veins
  • Chronic venous insufficiency
  • Leg pain and heaviness
  • Swelling due to damaged veins
  • Venous skin changes and ulcers

Benefits

  • Minimally invasive treatment
  • No major incisions or stitches
  • Faster recovery and return to daily activities
  • Minimal pain and scarring
  • Excellent long-term results
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Embolectomy is performed to remove a blood clot that has suddenly blocked an artery, restoring blood flow to the affected limb or organ. It is often carried out as an emergency procedure to prevent permanent tissue damage.

Why Is It Performed?

  • Acute Limb Ischaemia
  • Sudden arterial blockage
  • Blood clot (embolus) in an artery
  • Threatened limb circulation
  • Emergency vascular conditions

Benefits

  • Rapid restoration of blood flow
  • Prevents permanent tissue damage
  • Preserves limb function
  • Relieves severe pain
  • Improves emergency treatment outcomes
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Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) is an advanced procedure that treats an abdominal aortic aneurysm by placing a stent graft inside the weakened section of the aorta. The graft reinforces the artery, preventing rupture while allowing normal blood flow. EVAR offers faster recovery and less discomfort compared to traditional open surgery.

Why Is It Performed?

  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
  • Enlarging aortic aneurysm
  • Symptomatic aneurysm
  • High risk of aneurysm rupture
  • Patients suitable for minimally invasive repair

Benefits

  • Minimally invasive procedure
  • Smaller incisions and less blood loss
  • Shorter hospital stay
  • Faster recovery
  • Reduced risk of aneurysm rupture
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Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy (ETS) is a keyhole surgical procedure that interrupts selected sympathetic nerves in the chest. It is primarily performed to treat severe excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) and may also be recommended for selected patients with severe Raynaud's phenomenon when conservative treatments have not been effective.

Why Is It Performed?

  • Severe palmar hyperhidrosis
  • Excessive underarm sweating
  • Severe Raynaud's phenomenon
  • Symptoms not responding to medical treatment
  • Significant impact on quality of life

Benefits

  • Minimally invasive procedure
  • Immediate symptom relief in most patients
  • Small incisions with minimal scarring
  • Short hospital stay
  • Improved quality of life
Consult a STAR specialist →
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